Los sensores son una parte muy importante para la instrumentación y el control de los procesos industriales. Se utilizan para poder determinar el estado del proceso donde están instalados. Ellos transforman las variaciones de la magnitud a medir en una señal eléctrica acondicionada de tal manera que pueda ser recibida en su destino.
La señal de salida de un sensor por lo general va a un indicador, a un registrador o a un controlador. Existen una gran variedad de sensores según la variable que se quiera medir, por ejemplo: presión, temperatura, nivel, flujo, posición (proximidad), velocidad, peso, voltaje, corriente, frecuencia, viscosidad, resistividad, radiación, pH, conductividad eléctrica, humedad entre otras.
Cuando los sensores tienen salidas digitales (sólo dos posibles valores) son llamados interruptores. Cuando tienen salidas analógicas (más de dos posibles valores) son llamados transmisores, En este sentido se tienen interruptores de presión e transmisores de presión, por ejemplo.
Diagrama de bloque de los sensores
Características de los sensores
Muchas de las características de los sensores dependen de la variable a medir. Otras características son comunes a todos los sensores. Algunos de los aspectos a tener en cuenta en el momento de seleccionar un sensor son:
- Exactitud. Especifica la diferencia entre el valor medido y el valor real de la variable que se está midiendo.
- Conformidad o repetitividad. El grado con que mediciones sucesivas difieren unas de las otras.
- Resolución. Es el cambio más pequeño que se puede medir.
- Precisión se compone de las características de conformidad y resolución.
- Sensibilidad. Viene dado por el mínimo valor de la variable medida que produce un cambio en la salida.
- Error. Es la desviación entre valor verdadero y valor medido.
- Linealidad. Nos indica que tan cerca está la correlación entre la entrada y la salida a una línea recta.
- Rango. Es la diferencia entre el mayor valor y el menor valor que se puede medir.
- Rapidez de respuesta. Es la capacidad del instrumento de seguir las variaciones de la entrada.
Existen otros aspectos a toma en consideración. Por ejemplo la alimentación del sensor, el tipo de salida, el tipo de conexión (a dos hilos o a tres hilos) de la salida.
Los sensores de proximidad son de los más usados. Hay de diferentes tipos: ópticos, inductivos, capacitivos, ultrasónicos y finales de carrera. Estos aspectos serán tratados más adelante en otras entradas.
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Soy Omar estudiante universitario en la carrera electricidad técnico superior.si me puedes indicar una 5 características más usadas en sensores.inductuvos , capacitivos.y alguno físico.y además que es la sigla,BMS.y además control centralizado para industria y cuál es principio de funcionamiento.de ante mano su eterno agradecimiento
Los sensores pueden estar conectados a un computador para obtener ventajas como son el acceso a la toma de valores desde el sensor,una base de datos, etc.
hola amigo, quisiera saber técnicamente cual es la diferencia entre sensor, transmisor, emisor detector e interruptor. Estas son partes de un sensor o son componentes distintos. Gracias
por favor enviarme algún sensor de ejemplo cumpliendo las características te lo agradecería, gracias
Revisa este enlace
https://ab.rockwellautomation.com/Sensors-Switches/General-Purpose-Photoelectric-Sensors/18-mm-Plastic-Cylindrical-Sensors#documentation
Hola me prodrías dar tus datos para citas bibliográficas de un proyecto
Hola Alison, La cita para este post es de la siguiente manera;
ControlReal (2015). Sensores. Definición y características. http://controlreal.com/es/sensores-definicion-y-caracteristicas/
saludos
Buenas noches me podrias decir algun sensor que se implemente en algun proceso que cumpla con almenos 5 caracteristicas que mencionas.Te lo agradeciria soy estudiante universitario, Gracias.
Armin, si cuando haces el comentario, colocas en el cuadro debajo del nombre tu correo, yo lo puedo ver, pero el resto de las personas no y luego te podría enviar alguna hoja de especificaciones de algún sensor que hayamos usado en algún proyecto. Gracias por comentar y saludos
Buenas noches si me puede dar sus datos personales para poner en una cita bibliografica
Hola Daniel, te respondo a tu correo
Buenas noches si me puede dar sus datos personales para poner en una cita bibliografica
Gracais