En los diagramas o planos eléctricos se representan de forma gráfica los componentes, y su interconexión, en una instalación eléctrica. El uso de planos eléctricos está basado en estándares creados por diferentes organizaciones internacionales. Su uso permite la construcción y mantenimiento de los sistemas eléctricos, además de representar el funcionamiento de los mismos.
Existen varias clases de diagramas que nos ayudan a comprender el funcionamiento de un sistema. Entre ellos tenemos:
- Diagramas de tuberías e instrumentación (P&ID) que nos muestran la interconexión de los equipos, nos dan una idea de cómo fluye el material y la interconexión de las señales, neumática, eléctricas, electromagnéticas hidráulicas entre otras.
- Diagramas de lazos: que nos muestran en cada plano los elementos involucrados en un lazo de control.
- Diagramas lógicos. Que muestran el funcionamiento de sistemas binarios para señales eléctricas, electrónicas, mecánicas, neumáticas, hidráulicas, manuales entre otras.
- Diagramas unifilares. Se indica por medio de líneas sencillas y símbolos simplificados, la interconexión y partes (componentes) de un circuito o sistema eléctrico.
- Los Diagramas electrónicos. Muestran la interconexión de los elementos electrónicos en un circuito impreso.
- Diagramas elementales. Muestran la interconexión eléctrica de los dispositivos eléctricos y electrónicos de un sistema.
En este articulo se verán los diagramas elementales que son los más comunes y los más utilizados en el mantenimiento de los sistemas eléctricos y de control.
Organismos de estandarización.
Para garantizar un correcto flujo de información y facilitar la lectura de planos eléctricos se han diseñados diversos organismos de estandarización y normativas a nivel mundial dentro de los cuales destacan:
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
- Organización Internacional para la Estandarización (ISO)
- Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional (IEC)
- Asociación Norteamericana de Manufacturas Eléctricas (NEMA)
Símbolos
Es la representación gráfica de un elemento físico, presente en los planos eléctricos, como por ejemplo un relé, un arrancador o un transformador entre otros. Existen diferentes símbolos para el mismo dispositivo según la norma que se esté usando para desarrollar el plano eléctrico. Aquí se muestran diferentes símbolos para las normas DIN, ANSI e IEC.
Nomenclatura
En los planos eléctricos a cada símbolo se le asocia un nombre con el cual se va a conocer al dispositivo dentro del conjunto de planos, en otros documentos asociados al sistema y en el propio dispositivo una vez que es instalado en campo. Hay muchas formas de escoger el nombre y depende del diseñador, se explicarán dos maneras de uso muy frecuente.
Forma 1: el nombre para el símbolo está formado por dos partes, la clase y el número. Por ejemplo en las siglas Q3 la Q se refiere a un interruptor de protección, el número 3 se usa para distinguir en caso de que existan varias protecciones. Es frecuente combinar más de una letra para la clase, por ejemplo la letra K se refiere a un relé o a un contactor (arrancador), si la combinamos con la M entonces KM se refiere al contactor (arrancador) de un motor. Según la norma IEC750 el nombre debe comenzar con un guión, por ejemplo –Q3A.
Forma 2: el nombre para el símbolo está formado por tres partes, el número del plano, la clase y la ubicación en el plano. Por ejemplo 1Q15 se refiere a un interruptor de protección que se encuentra en el plano 1, franja 15 (los planos suelen dividirse en franjas o cuadrantes que facilitan la ubicación de los elementos). En una variante de esta forma, la ubicación en el plano suele cambiarse por números consecutivos por ejemplo si en el plano 1 hay dos interruptores de protección sus nombres serían 1Q1 y 1Q2.
Aquí se encuentra la tabla para las letras que se usan en la clase.
Tipos de planos Eléctricos.
Los planos eléctricos describen diferentes aspectos de los sistemas y en general agrupan elementos relacionados o similares. Podemos encontrar los siguientes tipos de planos en un mismo conjunto.
- Alimentación General.
- Potencia.
- Mando.
- Entrada y salidas.
- Alimentación de dispositivos.
- Borneras.
- Armario.
- Red.
Una descripción más detallada de los tipos de planos y ejemplos la podemos encontrar aquí.
Formatos.
Cuando se realiza un plano eléctrico uno de los aspectos que se debe tomar en cuenta es el tamaño de papel empleado, por regla general se trata de ajustar el plano al tamaño más cómodo para el usuario final. El cuadro siguiente presenta la serie de formatos utilizados en proyectos de instalaciones eléctricas, las dimensiones de cada uno de los formatos y los márgenes que deben tener. Estas dimensiones ha sido tomadas de DIN y su uso se ha generalizado a nivel mundial.
|
FORMATO |
DIMENSIONES(mm) | MARGENES | |
| IZQUIERDO | OTROS | ||
|
A0 |
1189X841 | 35 | 10 |
|
A1 |
594X841 | 30 | 10 |
|
A2 |
420X594 | 30 | 10 |
|
A3 |
297X420 | 30 | 10 |
|
A4 |
210X297 | 30 |
10 |
La siguiente figura muestra un esquema donde se pueden observar los diferentes formatos.
Relación entre los diferentes formatos del papel. para planos eléctricos
Además del diagrama el plano tiene un membrete, unas coordenadas y un logotipo.
Membrete:
En el membrete o cajetín se coloca toda la información referente al plano, esta incluye:
- Fecha de elaboración.
- Fecha de modificación.
- Nombre del dibujante.
- Escala
- Número de revisión.
- Descripción del plano.
- Número del plano.
- Cantidad total de hoja que tiene el conjunto de planos.
- Nombre de la empresa en donde se encuentra el sistema que describe el plano.
- Nombre de la empresa que elaboró el plano.
Su ubicación, generalmente va en la parte inferior del plano, aunque también se puede colocar en la parte derecha o izquierda.
Logotipo
Esta sección es opcional y corresponde al logotipo de la empresa que diseño el plano
Coordenadas para ubicación:
Facilita la ubicación rápida de un elemento en una página especifica del plano que se encuentra referenciado en otra; para ello se divide el plano en cuadriculas o en franjas. A este sistema también se le denomina referencia cruzada.
División en cuadriculas: utiliza un números en los bordes horizontales y una letras en los bordes verticales, o viceversa, que divide el plano en cuadros, cada cuadro está identificado por una letra y un número, 5E por ejemplo.
División por franjas. Sólo utiliza números en los bordes horizontales, esto hace que el plano se divida en franjas que permite ubicar un elemento en el plano.
La figura siguiente figura muestra un formato de dibujo con sus diferentes partes:
Partes del formato para el plano.
Ejemplos
A continuación se muestran dos ejemplos de planos eléctricos similares, el primero usa norma europea (IEC/DIN), y el segundo usa norma americana (ANSI). En ambos planos se muestra la parte de potencia y mando de un motor trifásico AC.
Plano en norma europea
Plano en norma americana
Referencias
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION IEC 61082: PREPARATION OF DOCUMENTS USED IN ELECTROTECHNOLOGY, año de publicacion 25 de Enero de 2002
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Me podrías apoyar con un plano de una instalación industrial para una nave.
Hola, tendrán algún articulo así de detallado pero para el formato americano?
Interesante muchas gracias Dios los bendiga siempre
Hola a todos, alguien conoces webs fiables para descargar texturas? quiero incorporar texturas nuevas a mis proyectos que no sean las tipicas de warehouse y no se si teneis fuentes fiables donde descargarlas. Hace unos dias encontre esta pagina que tiene un recopilatorio, pero me interesaria saber otras que utiliceis.
Que escalas se manejan para realizar los planos electricos, si me pudieran solucionar esta duda les agradezco mucho
Realmente la escala no es de mucha importancia en los planos eléctricos. Si haces símbolos muy pequeños puedes meter más información en una hoja del plano. Si haces símbolos muy grande manejas menos información en cada hoja del plano. La longitud de una línea por ejemplo no esta relacionada con la longitud el cable que representa que representa en el campo, como podría pasar con un plano mecánico o civil. Lo que nunca hay que perder de vista es la proporción entre el tamaño final de la hoja (A0, A1, A2, A3, A4,…), y el tamaño de los elementos y el texto. Si un plano fue diseñado para imprimirse en formato A0 y lo imprimes en A4, probablemente los símbolos se vean muy pequeños y el texto no pueda ser leído.
vale muchas gracias, otra pregunta que consejos me podria dar para la interpretacion de un plano electrico?
Lee los post relacionados, o puedes hacer el entrenamiento que te dejo en el siguiente enlace: https://www.udemy.com/course/lectura-e-interpretacion-de-planos-electricos/?couponCode=LIPOFERTA
mcuhas gracias pero no tengo como pagar el curso y necesito aprender todo sobre planos electricos, cuadros de convenciones, cual es su uso, como se interpretan
no aplica escala en este tipo de planos, ver el formato donde sera elaborado
En los planos electricos no aplica la escala, si un símbolo es un poco más grande o más pequeño, a si una línea es más corta o más larga, realmente no cambia el sentido del plano. Pero si tienes que tener en cuenta que el tamaño de los simbolos y de las letras sea consistente con el tamaño del papel donde se vaya a imprimir de tal manera que los símbolos y las letras sean legibles una vez impreso.
san.cris88@hotmail.com
Buenos días como puedo denominar los tableros según IEC
Buen día. No comprendo bien la pregunta, ¿puedes ser un poco más específico/
cual es la norma ANSI?, la IEC es IEC60617 por ejemplo pero la ansi tiene millones de normas, cual es?
Buenas tardes,saludos para todos.Muy bueno para estar al dia con todo.
Excelente
cuál es el código de colores para los cables? en la norma europea.
Tanto para la potencia como para el control
Power: Black
Control AC: red / red-white
Control DC 24V: Blue / Blue-white
hola me gustaria saber si los planos electricos se deben hacer de derecha a izquierda o de ozquierda a derecha?
izquierda a derecha en sistema americano
Alguien que sepa que significa VAS y VAC saludos
Vac. Tensión de corriente alterna
cual es la norma ANSI, muchas gracias
Jairo En este articulo mencionamos también la norma ANSI cono norma americana y la Norma europea es IEC
Hola alguien que me pueda ayudar como haser un circuito de control con norma ansi
Exactamente que necesitas? Puedes escribirme al siguiente correo cr@controlreal.com si prefieres
Es muy interesante me gustaría que sigan publicando lo que es lectura de planos de instalaciones domiciliariad
Gracias por el comentario, nuestro fuerte es el área industrial, pero haremos lo posible por publicar también hacia el área residencial.
en que programa puedo hacer los planos electricos
Hay muchos, entre los mas profesionales se encuentran, autocad, autocad electric e EPLAN
hay uno bien simple, se llama cadesimu, es muy facil de operar
Tiene otro nombre que se le dan a las coordenadas de un plano. Como se llaman a esas coordenadas
Hola Francisco, normalmente se le llaman así, «coordenadas». Algunos suelen llamarlos «sección», refiriéndose a la sección del plano identificado por las coordenadas
EJES
Buenos días
Necesitaríamos el plano eléctrico de vari control de una maquna impresora planeta
donde lo prodemos encontrarlo??
Muchas Gracias