Es frecuente escuchar la pregunta ¿cuál es la diferencia entre un PLC y un DCS?, o la pregunta ¿cuál es la diferencia entre un PLC y una RTU? En este artículo se aclaran las diferencias entre estos equipos.
Controladores Lógicos Programables (PLC)
Los PLC nacieron para sustituir la lógica de relés que se usaban como sistemas de control para los procesos industriales secuenciales o discretos. Los proceso discretos son aquellos que tienen dinámicas o se pueden modelar con sistemas de eventos discretos, estos procesos, normalmente tienen equipos tales como motores, válvulas, selectores, luces, botones, en fin equipos con un número pequeños de estados discretos (abierto, cerrado, marcha, parada, presionado, suelto, normal, en falla). En este mismo sentido las primeras instrucciones del PLC eran contactos abiertos y cerrados, bobinas, temporizadores, flip-flop e incorporaban únicamente entradas y salidas discretas.
En la actualidad los PLC tienen la capacidad de manejar entradas y salidas analógicas, además tienen un conjunto de instrucciones bastante amplio para el manejo de ellas, y También se pueden conectar a un número amplio de redes industriales. Una ventaja que aún conservan los PLC frente al PAC y DCS es el precio, los PLC son más económicos
Controladores de Automatización Programables (PAC)
Los PAC son equipos más recientes. Podemos ver a los PAC como un equipo de control que tiene las funciones de un PLC y otras funciones adicionales tales como:
- Manejo servomotores (control de movimiento),
- Procesamiento avanzado para señales analógicas,
- Comunicaciones avanzadas, como gateways entre redes.
- Conjunto de instrucciones para manejo de VDF
Sistemas de Control Distribuidos (DCS)
Los DCS nacieron para reemplazar los controladores de señales analógicas, como por ejemplo los controladores PID, en un principio estos equipos solo contaban con entradas y salidas analógicas y las funciones para manejarlas. En la actualidad los DCS pueden majar una gran cantidad de señales digitales, se conectan a una gran variedad de redes y a veces vienen con el HMI incorporado.
Sistemas de control distribuido también se refiere a aquellos sistemas de control donde los elementos de control están distribuidos por todo el proceso, en contraste con el control centralizado, en el cual la toma de decisiones es tomada en un solo controlador. En estos sistemas distribuidos suele haber más de un equipo de control y estos pueden ser una mezcla de PLC, PAC, RTU o DCS.
Unidad terminal remota (RTU)
Es un dispositivo electrónico, diseñado para tomar o enviar datos de un proceso por medio de entradas y salidas, analógicos y/o digitales, y enviarlos a un controlador.
Con frecuencia los RTU son instalados en sitios remotos y por esta razón se necesita que tengan algunas características tales como: capacidad de comunicación a grandes distancias (radio modem o GSM/SMS entre otras), bajo consumo, capacidad para almacenar datos, funcionamiento en amplio rango de temperatura, alimentación DC.
Conclusiones
En el pasado distinguir entre el uso de un PLC y un DCS era muy sencillo, pero en la actualidad estos dispositivos han incorporado funciones te tal forma que ahora tienen mucha capacidades en común destinadas a resolver los mismos problemas. Esta diferencia se ve todavía mucho menos cuando se comparan los DCS con los PAC
A diferencia del PLC la función principal de la RTU no es el control si no la adquisición de datos. Algunos PLC pueden funcionar como una RTU, ya que tienen todas sus funciones.
En la lista que se encuentra a continuación se muestra un ejemplo de cada equipo con sus enlaces:
RTU: AutoLog
PAC: Controllogix
DCS: DeltaV
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Estimado una consulta, cual seria la diferencia mas resaltante entre el DCS y PAC
Gracias
Saludos
Tienen muchas características en común. Sin embargo los PAC tienen instrucciones orientadas al control de movimiento, característica que no he visto en los DCS. También me parece que en lo que respecta a las comunicaciones y al control secuencial (discreto) los PAC tienen mayor variedad de opciones. Sin embargo El DCS de Roskwell Automation, por ejemplo se diseña a base de PAC.
Javier Noguera
Exelente información sobre las diferencias en los PLC y PAC
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