El controlador lógico programable es un equipo electrónico que se usa frecuentemente en el manejo de procesos industriales.
Fueron introducidos en los años 60 para reemplazar las antiguas lógicas cableadas o lógicas de relé. Las lógicas de relé eran controles hechos con diferentes tipos de relé (como relé de uso general o temporizadores). Las primeras instrucciones diseñadas para el controlador lógico programable emulaban las funciones de los relés. Estan instrucciones estaban dispuestss en un lenguaje gráfico llamado escalera por su similitud con una escalera como las usadas por los bomberos, muy similar a los diagramas o planos de la lógica de relé.
Diagrama escalera del controlador lógico programable
Los controladores lógicos programables han ido evolucionando con la tecnología. Actualmente tienen un conjunto de instrucciones que incluyen funciones lógicas, aritméticas, de comparación, manejo de archivos, flujo de programas y lazos PID entre otros.
Características del Controlador Lógico Programable
Un PLC tiene al menos cuatro componentes básicos:
- El controlador o CPU (unidad central de procesamiento).
- Una fuente de poder para alimentar a los equipos.
- Módulos o tarjetas de entradas para suministrar información al controlador y
- Módulos o tarjeta de salida a través de los cuales se transmite la información para realizar las acciones de control.
Cuando estos componentes se encuentran empotrados en un solo elemento se dice que el PLC es fijo. En otros casos estos componentes se integran en un chasis que puede ser físico o virtual, estos últimos se dicen que son modulares.
El objetivo de un PLC es mantener un proceso en un estado deseado. Para ello debe conocer el estado actual del proceso, esto se hace con sensores conectados a las entradas del PLC. También debe conocer el estado deseado, frecuentemente lo suministra el operador al controlador por medio de una interfaz de operación. Si el estado actual es diferente al estado deseado, el PLC calcula una acción de control que lleva a cabo por medio de actuadores conectados a los módulos de salida.
PLC, planta y control
Para programar los PLCs se usa un lenguaje. La norma IEC61131 especifica 4 lenguajes que son: escalera, diagrama de bloques, texto estructurado y lista de instrucciones. Además contempla las cartas de función secuencial, la cual es una estructura de programación similar al grafcet que permite organizar los programas, donde cada acción se diseña con alguno de los 4 lenguajes mencionados antes.
En la actualidad se habla de controladores de automatización programables (PAC) los cuales tienen todas las funciones del PLC pero además son muy versátiles para manejar control de movimiento, integrar de redes, variadores de frecuencia y sistemas de control distribuidos (DCS).
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