Los P&IDs Diagramas de Tuberías e Instrumentación (P&ID, por sus siglas en inglés: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram). Un diagrama de tuberías e instrumentación o P&ID muestra las tuberías y los componentes relacionados del flujo del producto un proceso y su instrumentación. La identificación y los símbolos utilizados en estos diagramas se basan generalmente en la norma S5. 1 de ISA y la norma ISO 14617-6. Los PI&D son muy útiles para comprender el funcionamiento general de un proceso.
¿Qué contiene un P&ID?
Los equipos de proceso con su nombre y número de identificación
Algunos ejemplos de estos equipos son: tanques, tolvas, compresores, válvulas, intercambiadores, torres de destilación, reactores químicos entre otros tal como se muestra en la tabla 3. La identificación es un conjunto de caracteres alfanuméricos tal como se muestra en la siguiente tabla:
Las letras de la identificación se escogen según la siguiente tabla:
Válvulas, conexión a proceso y ubicación
Una clase muy común de dispositivos de campo son la válvula, hay muchos tipos de válvulas como se muestra en la tabla número 4. Los dispositivos se conectan al proceso de diferentes formas de pendiendo del tipo de instrumento, en la tabla 5 se pueden ver los diferentes símbolos de las conexiones a proceso. La tabla 6 muestra los símbolos dependiendo de la ubicación del instrumento.
Un ejemplo
En la siguiente figura, tomado de la norma S5.1 de ISA (Referencia 1), se puede ver un ejemplo de un diagrama de instrumentación y tuberías P&ID de un hervidor complejo por lotes que involucra tanto la visualización, control distribuido y el controlador lógico programable.

Figura 1. Ejemplo de un diagrama de instrumentación y tuberías P&ID. Tomado de ANSI/ISA–5.1–1984 (R1992).
Descripción del ejemplo de un P&ID
En el diagrama se puede ver diferentes elementos incluidos en las tablas previas tales como:
- Conexiones (líneas y líneas con símbolos) en este caso se pueden ver conexiones eléctricas binarias, neumáticas, de software o lógicas y de proceso. Las conexiones a proceso del producto principal son mostradas más gruesas.
- Equipos de proceso, se pueden ver claramente como equipo principal un hervidor encamisado. El hervidor tiene incluido un motor conectado a un agitador; además de un sensor de temperatura conectado a un transmisor de temperatura (TT). También están conectadas todas las tuberías de productos.
- En una de las líneas hay un orificio de restricción (placa orificio). Este dispositivo es usado como elemento primario en la medición de flujo por lo tanto está conectado a un transmisor de flujo (FT). La salida del transmisor va a un Controlador indicador de flujo (TIF-409). Además el transmisor de (TT) que se mencionó en el párrafo anterior está conectado a un controlador e indicador de temperatura (TIC-306)
- En la mayoría de la tubería de productos se pueden ver válvulas. Estas válvulas son la que controlan el flujo del mismo. Podemos ver válvulas proporcionales, válvulas actuadas por cilindro (YV), válvulas de compuertas (operación manual). En el detalle de la parte inferior también se puede ver una válvula de tres vías que está conectada a la alimentación del aire.
- Todas las válvulas accionadas por cilindro (YV) están conectadas a un controlador lógico programable (PLC, YIC-2).
- En el detalle de la parte inferior se puede ver la indicación de la posición de la válvula. En este caso se usan las siglas ZSH y ZSL para indicar que la válvula esta abierta y cerrada respectivamente.
Selección del número de identificación.
En la tabla 7 se puede ver las combinaciones de letras más comunes. Sin embargo en la tabla no están todas las combinaciones. Si requerimos de na combinación que no aparezca debemos ir a la tabla 2. Por ejemplo en la tabla 7 no podemos ver las siglas YV usadas para las válvulas accionadas por cilindros.
La letra Y es usada para indicar evento, estado o presencia. Normalmente estas variables están asociadas a sistemas de eventos discretos. Los sistemas de eventos discretos son sistemas con un espacio de esta finito. El sistema va de un estado a otro con la ocurrencia de un evento. Una válvula accionada por cilindro puede modelarse como un sistema de eventos discretos. El espacio de estado de la válvula estaría formado por los estados abierta y cerrada. Dependiendo de la complejidad del modelo podríamos incluir otros estados como el de falla. La válvula abre cuando recibe la orden de abrir del PLC. En este caso el evento para ir de cerrado a abierto lo genera el PLC. Así se puede decir que la válvula es controlada por evento. También podemos afirmar que el PLC es un controlador de eventos. Esa es la explicación de por qué se introduce como variable la letra Y en estos instrumentos. De hecho un PLC es un controlador de eventos discretos, cuando tomamos en cuenta sólo sus entradas y salidas discretas.
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{ให้แง่คิดใหม่ๆ กับฉัน|มีข้อมูลใหม่ที่ฉันไม่เคยรู้มาก่อน}.|นี่คือสิ่งที่ฉันกำลังมองหา, {เป็นบทความที่มีประโยชน์มาก|ช่วยตอบคำถามที่ฉันสงสัยได้มาก}!|{คุณแนะนำหนังสือเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหัวข้อนี้ได้ไหม|มีหนังสืออะไรที่คล้ายกับเรื่องนี้แนะนำบ้าง}?|{ฉันเห็นด้วยกับความคิดเห็นของคุณ|ความคิดเห็นของคุณน่าสนใจ}, และ{อยากอ่านบทความเพิ่มเติม|อยากเห็นเนื้อหาเพิ่มเติมจากคุณ}.|{ข้อมูลที่น่าสนใจมาก|ข้อมูลนี้ใหม่มากสำหรับฉัน},
{เพิ่งเริ่มสนใจเรื่องนี้|มันทำให้ฉันอยากศึกษาเพิ่มเติม}.|มีข้อแนะนำเพิ่มเติมจากสิ่งที่คุณพูดในบทความนี้ไหม?|นี่เป็นครั้งแรกที่ฉันได้ยินเรื่องนี้, {อยากเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมจริงๆ|อยากทำความเข้าใจมากขึ้น}.|มันทำให้ฉันนึกถึงประสบการณ์ของตัวเอง{ที่เกี่ยวข้อง|}.|บทความนี้{เปิดมุมมองใหม่ๆ ให้ฉันได้มาก|มีข้อมูลที่น่าติดตามจริงๆ}.|{น่าสนใจมากครับ|ข้อมูลนี้ดีมากครับ}, {ขอบคุณที่ให้ความรู้|ขอบคุณสำหรับข้อมูลครับ}.|{ชอบวิธีการนำเสนอของคุณ|การนำเสนอของคุณเข้าใจง่าย}, {มันชัดเจนและตรงประเด็น|มันทำให้เข้าใจได้ง่ายจริงๆ}.|สิ่งนี้ช่วยโปรเจ็กต์ของฉันได้มาก, {ขอบคุณครับ|ขอบคุณมากจริงๆ}.|{อยากได้ยินความคิดเห็นจากคนอื่นๆ เพิ่มเติม|ใครมีความคิดเห็นเพิ่มเติม} เกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้?|{หัวข้อนี้สำคัญและควรถูกพูดถึงมากขึ้น|มันเป็นหัวข้อที่ควรได้รับการพูดถึง}.|{มีคำแนะนำเพิ่มเติมจากที่คุณเขียนไหม|ช่วยขยายความเกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้ได้ไหม}?|{บทความนี้น่าสนใจ|เนื้อหาน่าติดตามจริงๆ},
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{เพิ่งเริ่มสนใจเรื่องนี้|มันทำให้ฉันอยากศึกษาเพิ่มเติม}.|มีข้อแนะนำเพิ่มเติมจากสิ่งที่คุณพูดในบทความนี้ไหม?|นี่เป็นครั้งแรกที่ฉันได้ยินเรื่องนี้,
{อยากเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมจริงๆ|อยากทำความเข้าใจมากขึ้น}.|มันทำให้ฉันนึกถึงประสบการณ์ของตัวเอง{ที่เกี่ยวข้อง|}.|บทความนี้{เปิดมุมมองใหม่ๆ
ให้ฉันได้มาก|มีข้อมูลที่น่าติดตามจริงๆ}.|{น่าสนใจมากครับ|ข้อมูลนี้ดีมากครับ}, {ขอบคุณที่ให้ความรู้|ขอบคุณสำหรับข้อมูลครับ}.|{ชอบวิธีการนำเสนอของคุณ|การนำเสนอของคุณเข้าใจง่าย}, {มันชัดเจนและตรงประเด็น|มันทำให้เข้าใจได้ง่ายจริงๆ}.|สิ่งนี้ช่วยโปรเจ็กต์ของฉันได้มาก, {ขอบคุณครับ|ขอบคุณมากจริงๆ}.|{อยากได้ยินความคิดเห็นจากคนอื่นๆ เพิ่มเติม|ใครมีความคิดเห็นเพิ่มเติม} เกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้?|{หัวข้อนี้สำคัญและควรถูกพูดถึงมากขึ้น|มันเป็นหัวข้อที่ควรได้รับการพูดถึง}.|{มีคำแนะนำเพิ่มเติมจากที่คุณเขียนไหม|ช่วยขยายความเกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้ได้ไหม}?|{บทความนี้น่าสนใจ|เนื้อหาน่าติดตามจริงๆ}, {ให้แง่มุมที่ไม่เคยนึกถึง|ทำให้ฉันคิดในมุมใหม่ๆ}.|{อยากอ่านบทความเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้|หวังว่าจะได้เห็นเนื้อหาเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหัวข้อนี้}.|{จะดีถ้าเพิ่มเติมเรื่อง…ในบทความนี้ด้วย|ถ้ารวมเรื่อง…ไว้ในบทความนี้จะสมบูรณ์มากขึ้น}.|{คุณเขียนได้ชัดเจนมาก|คำอธิบายของคุณยอดเยี่ยม},
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¿TIENEN UN CURSO DE P&ID Diagramas de Tuberías e Instrumentación?
Muy interesante su trabajo no se electricidad pero lo entendí casi todo felicitaciones por su trabajo
Hola, por casualidad tienen el plano en AutoCAD? necesito un plano de instrumentación para un trabajo escolar y a este le entiendo perfectamente
Thanks for finally writing about >P&ID Diagramas de Tuberías e Instrumentación –
Control Real Español <Liked it!
Saludos. Me podrías ayudar con el diagrama de tuberías e instrumentación de un turbogenerador.
hola de casualidad la maqueta la tienes en autocad para que me la pases bro
Muy buena la información. Gracias por compartirla.