Existen una gran variedad de módulos de entradas salidas que le sirven de interfaz al Controlador Lógico Programable (PLC) para intercambiar información con el proceso que está controlando.
Descripción de los módulos de entradas salidas
Los módulos de entrada llevan información del estado del proceso hacia el PLC. Los módulos de salida llevan información desde el PLC hasta los actuadores que modifican el estado del proceso.
Los Tarjetas de entradas/salidas (E/S) también se clasifican en según el tipo de señal que manejan, así tenemos módulos discretos y módulos analógico. Los módulos discretos o digitales manejan señales que sólo tienen dos valores, por ejemplo la presencia o ausencia de una señal de 120 VAC. Las señales más comunes, también conocidos como voltajes de control, son 120 VAC, 220 VAC y 24 VDC, pero existen otros de uso menos frecuente. La siguiente tabla ilustra la agrupación de los tipos más comunes de señales usadas en las entradas salidas.
| Entradas | Salidas | |
| Digitales | 120 VAC | 120 VAC |
| 220 VAC | 220 VAC | |
| fuente 24 VDC | 24 VDC fuente | |
| sumidero 24 VDC | 24 VDC sumidero | |
| Relé | ||
| Analógicos | 4-20 mA | 4-20 mA |
| 0-10 VDC | 0-10 VDC | |
| Termopares | ||
| RTD |
Existen otros tipos de módulos de entradas salidas con aplicaciones especiales como son los de conteo rápido, para medir pesos, comunicaciones, para manejo de servos controladores entre otros.
Conexión de las entradas
La conexión de las entradas sigue las reglas de cualquier circuito eléctrico básico; típicamente hay tres elementos: la fuente de alimentación, el dispositivo de entrada (por ejemplo un sensor o un botón) y el tercer elemento es la entrada en el módulo de entrada. Cuando el dispositivo de entrada se cierra, la fuente de poder suministra energía a la entrada. La siguiente figura muestra el circuito.
Conexión de la entrada
El voltaje alimentación, típicamente, va a ser alguno de los mostrados en la tabla de arriba. Se debe seleccionar el módulo de entrada adecuado para el voltaje de alimentación. Los módulos son diseñados de tal manera que la impedancia de entrada limite la corriente de entrada a unos pocos miliamperios. La circulación de la corriente de entrada puede ser en ambos sentido, entrando hacia el módulo o saliendo desde módulo, dependiendo si la conexión es para un circuito AC, DC tipo sumidero o DC tipo fuente respectivamente. Las entradas en un módulo, por lo general se dividen en grupos y cada grupo tiene un común, hay módulos que permiten voltajes de alimentación diferentes por grupo. Cuando las entradas no se agrupan se dice que el módulo es de entradas aisladas. En la siguiente figura se muestran con mayor detalle las conexiones más usadas en los módulos de entrada.
AC
DC tipo sumidero o NPN
Fuente o PNP
Es importante hacer notar que cuando se usa un módulo de entrada DC sumidero, el dispositivo de entrada debe ser tipo fuente y cuando se usa un módulo de entrada DC fuente, el dispositivo de entrada debe ser tipo sumidero.
Conexión de las salidas
La conexión de las salidas es similar a las entradas, con la diferencia de que ahora el elemento que conmuta es la salida y la carga es el dispositivo de salida (por ejemplo bobinas, luces pilotos), tal como muestra la figura.
Conexión de la salida
Se debe escoger el módulo de salida según el voltaje de alimentación y la carga. Los módulos de salidas de uso son más frecuentes están diseñados con triac para voltajes AC, con transistor para voltajes DC y con relés que pueden manejar tanto voltajes AC como DC. Las salidas también se agrupan y las salidas que no estás agrupada se les denominan salidas aisladas. LAs siguientes figuras muestran los módulos de diferentes tipos de salidas.
AC. Triac
DC tipo sumidero o NPN
DC tipo fuente o PNP
Salida de relé
Módulos entradas salidas analógicos
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Buen dia como hacer un plc de un horno de calentamiento de crudo
No comprendo muy bien la pregunta. Te refieres como hacer el programa para un plc que controla un horno de calentamiento de crudo.
TRABAJO EN UNA ESCUELA. TENEMOS UN PLC QUE CONTROLA UN EQUIPO, TIENE LAS ENTRADAS DE 24 VCA Y LO QUEREMOS SUSTITUIR POR OTRO PLC, QUE SEA PROGRAMABLE POR ESCALERA DE PREFERENCIA O POR BLOQUES. QUE RECOMENDACIONES ME PUEDEN HACER. EL QUE TENEMOS ES MUY VIEJO Y SE PROGRAMA POR MEMONICOS. CREO QUE ALLEN BRADLEY NO TIENE CON ENTRADAS DE 24 VCA, PERO SI DE 24 VCC, ME INTERESARIA QUE FUERA ALLEN BRADLEY.
El único modelo de PLC Allen Bradley que tiene entradas AC de 24 voltios es el controllogix, lamentablemente también es el PLC más costoso. Si tuviera más información del proceso te podría ayudar a buscar alguna otra solución, en caso de que no quieras hacerlo con contrologix
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Y en el caso de variadores de frecuencia como es el caso en las entradas
Muchos variadores de frecuencia son autos alimentados, es decir, en la regleta de E/S ya viene el voltaje de alimentación, sólo se cierra el circuito usando un relé. Sin embargo También pueden funcionar con una fuente externa, comúnmente de 24 y puede ser NPN o PNP.
Excelente artículo profe. Me sirvió como complemento perfecto a la clase de hoy (Controladores lógicos programables) porque me quedaron ciertas dudas cuando habló sobre fuentes y sumideros y con esto pude aclararlas.
Sumidero-NPN, Fuente-PNP
Correcto!