En entradas anteriores se mencionó que los sensores tienen salida digital y analógica, sin embargo los sensores, además pueden tener salida serial, por donde se pueden transmitir señales digitales, analógicas o ambas.
Salida Digital
Un aspecto importante a considerar es el tipo de salida y los niveles de tensión. En los sensores discretos Los niveles de tensión más comunes son 24Vcd, 120 Vac y 220Vac. Los tipos de salidas son:
Relé
Las salidas de relé manejan voltajes AC y DC hasta 240 volt, las corriente de salida están en el orden de los amperios, 5 A es un valor típico. Son usados en aplicaciones de propósito general, tienen de bajo costo. Tienen un tiempo de respuesta largo (15 ms para abrir los contactos, 25 ms para cerrar los contactos). Las salidas de múltiples sensores pueden ser cableadas en serie o paralelo. Su principal desventaja es el desgaste que sufren los contactos por efectos mecánicos y chisporroteo.
Transistor
Manejan voltajes entre 0-30 V DC, la corriente de salida está en el orden de los mA (100 mA típico). Presenta una baja corriente de fuga. Los tiempos de respuesta son cortos, 1ms o menos. Y son usados para aplicaciones de propósito general en operación DC
Triac
El voltaje de salida es de 120 o 240 V AC, la corriente de salida normalmente está alrededor de 0,75 A máximo, tiene un tiempo de repuesta largo (8,3 ms para activar o para desactivar). Presenta una corriente de fuga alrededor de 1 mA. Son usados en aplicaciones de propósito general en operación AC. Apropiado para cargas inductivas.
FET
El voltaje de salida es 0-120 V AC o de 10-200 V DC, la corriente de salida está en el orden de las decenas de mA, tiene tiempos de respuesta cortos (1ms o menor), la corriente de fuga está en el orden de los μA. Las salidas de múltiples sensores pueden ser cableadas en serie y/o en paralelo.
MOSFET
El voltaje de salida es de 0-120 V AC o de 10-200 V DC, la corriente de salida está en el orden de las centenas de mA. La corriente de fuga es moderadamente alta. Las salidas de múltiples sensores pueden ser cableadas en paralelo.
Tipos de salida en sensores
Salida analógica
Los estándares analógicos más usados son en corriente de 4 a 20 mA y en voltaje de 0 a 10 Vdc. Hay otros como 1 a 5 vdc, 0 a 20 mA y -20mA a 20mA.
Salida serial
Los sensores con salidas seriales se conectan a redes para dispositivos de campo y transmiten información de forma serial (trama de bits) a través de un cable de la red y enviando datos desde el dispositivo hacia el equipo de control o supervisor por medio de un puerto de comunicaciones. Algunos ejemplos de redes de campo se mencionan a continuación: Devicenet, Profibus dp, Foundation FieldBus y en los últimos años se ha aumentado la funcionalidad de EtherNet/IP como una red de campo.
¿Cuáles son las ventajas y desventajas de una red de campo?
Algunas ventajas y desventajas de las redes de campo se mencionan a continuación.
Ventajas
- Las redes de campo permiten disminuir la utilización de entradas y salidas digitales cableadas en los equipos de control y esto tiene como consecuencia una disminución en cables para la conexión de los dispositivos de campo al controlador.
- Los dispositivos seriales tienen la ventaja sobre los dispositivos con salidas digitales y analógicas que pueden enviar más información, lo que permite dotarlos con algunas capacidades adicionales como lo son: diagnóstico y funciones lógicas (temporizado, conteo y detección de movimiento). Estas características permiten reducir los tiempos de mantenimiento y permiten que parte de la lógica de control resida en el sensor.
- Cuando el número de dispositivos de campo es significativo se reduce el costo de instalación.
- Mayor facilidad de expansión
- Reducción de los tiempos de puesta en marcha
Desventajas
- Necesidad de personal con mayor preparación.
- Costo adicional en las herramientas para mantenimiento.
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