Ya anteriormente hablamos del temporizador con retardo para cerrar, ahora hablaremos temporizador con retardo para abrir (TOF). Al final del artículo mostraremos un ejemplo de control de nivel de un tanque con el uso del retardo para abrir y el retardo para cerrar.
El temporizador es una instrucción salida y por lo tanto de coloca en la última posición de la línea. Cada temporizador se le configura una base de tiempo que puede ser de 1ms, 10 ms o 1 s para la familia Micrologix 1100.
Elemento de memoria del temporizador retardo para abrir
Todos los temporizadores (retardo para abrir y cerrar y retentivo) de esta familia de procesadores comparten los mismos archivos de memoria. El archivo por defecto de los temporizadores Micrologix 1100 de Allen Bradley, es T4. Cada elemento de la memoria de datos asignado a los temporizadores está formado por un entero para el valor preseleccionado (preset), un entero para el valor acumulado (acumulador) y tres bits, denominados habilitado o enable (EN), temporizador temporizando o timer timming (TT) y hecho o done (DN). A continuación se describe el funcionamiento las partes de cada elemento para los TOF.
Valor Preseleccionado se multiplica por la base de tiempo del temporizador para especificar el tiempo de temporización. La dirección para los valores preseleccionado es de la siguiente forma: T#del_archivo:#de_elemento.pre, por ejemplo T4:0.pre.
Valor acumulado especifica el tiempo del temporizador desde el momento que se deshabilitó a hasta el momento actual, el retardo para abrir retrasa el flanco de bajada. La dirección para los acumuladores es de la siguiente forma: T#del_archivo:#de_elemento.acc, por ejemplo T4:0.acc.
Bit Habilitado. Se coloca a 1 cuando la línea es verdadera, indica que el temporizador está habilitado. Tiene un valor de cero si la línea es falsa. La dirección para estos bits es de la siguiente forma: T#del_archivo:#de_elemento/EN, por ejemplo T4:0/EN.
Bit temporizador temporizando. Se coloca a 1 en el intervalo de tiempo que ocurre entre la el temporizador se deshabilita y el momento en que el valor acumulado alcanza al valor preseleccionado. El resto del tiempo este bit está en cero. La dirección para estos bits es de la siguiente forma: T#del_archivo:#de_elemento/TT, por ejemplo T4:0/TT.
Bit Hecho. Se coloca a 1 si el valor acumulado es igual al valor preseleccionado y el temporizador está deshabilitado. Se coloca en cero cuando el temporizador está habilitado. La dirección para estos bits es de la siguiente forma: T#del_archivo:#de_elemento/DN, por ejemplo T4:0/DN.
El siguiente diagrama de tiempo ilustra el funcionamiento del temporizador.
Temporizador. Retardo para abrir
Diagrama de tiempo. Temporizador retardo para abrir
Control de nivel de un tanque
El siguiente ejemplo Ilustra cómo hacer un sencillo control de nivel. Para ellos se coloca un sensor de capacitivo, en la entrada I:0/5, el cual detecta la presencia del líquido en el tanque y una válvula on-off usada para llenar el tanque en la salida O:0/0. El algoritmo de control es muy simple cuando el sensor está desactivado la válvula está abierta y cuando el sensor detecta producto la válvula está cerrada. Primero se hace el control sin el uso de los temporizadores y observarnos que la válvula abre y cierra muy rápidamente, lo que reducirá su vida útil. Luego se colocarán los temporizadores para mejorar el funcionamiento. En el siguiente vídeo se puede observar este proceso.
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